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Question 1:

What are cognitive passwords?

A. Passwords that can be used only once.

B. Fact or opinion-based information used to verify an individual\’s identity.

C. Password generators that use a challenge response scheme.

D. Passphrases.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Cognitive passwords are fact or opinion-based information used to verify an individual\’s identity. Passwords that can be used only once are one-time or dynamic passwords. Password generators that use a challenge response

scheme refer to token devices.

A passphrase is a sequence of characters that is longer than a password and is transformed into a virtual password.

Source: WALLHOFF, John, CISSP Summary 2002, April 2002, CBK#1 Access Control System and Methodology (page 2), /Documents/CISSP_Summary_2002/index.html.

Question 2:

A host-based IDS is resident on which of the following?

A. On each of the critical hosts

B. decentralized hosts

C. central hosts

D. bastion hosts

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: A host-based IDS is resident on a host and reviews the system and event logs in order to detect an attack on the host and to determine if the attack was successful. All critical serves should have a Host Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) installed. As you are well aware, network based IDS cannot make sense or detect pattern of attacks within encrypted traffic. A HIDS might be able to detect such attack after the traffic has been decrypted on the host. This is why critical servers should have both NIDS and HIDS.

FROM WIKIPEDIA:

A HIDS will monitor all or part of the dynamic behavior and of the state of a computer system. Much as a NIDS will dynamically inspect network packets, a HIDS might detect which program accesses what resources and assure that (say) a word-processor hasn\\’t suddenly and inexplicably started modifying the system password-database. Similarly a HIDS might look at the state of a system, its stored information, whether in RAM, in the file- system, or elsewhere; and check that the contents of these appear as expected.

One can think of a HIDS as an agent that monitors whether anything/anyone – internal or external – has circumvented the security policy that the operating system tries to enforce. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostbased_intrusion_detection_system

Question 3:

Which of the following is used to create and modify the structure of your tables and other objects in the database?

A. SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

B. SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

C. SQL Data Relational Language (DRL)

D. SQL Data Identification Language (DIL)

Correct Answer: A

The SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to create, modify, and delete views and relations (tables). Data Definition Language

The Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to create and destroy databases and database objects. These commands will primarily be used by database administrators during the setup and removal phases of a database project. Let\’s take a look at the structure and usage of four basic DDL commands:

CREATE Installing a database management system (DBMS) on a computer allows you to create and manage many independent databases. For example, you may want to maintain a database of customer contacts for your sales department and a personnel database for your HR department.

The CREATE command can be used to establish each of these databases on your platform. For example, the command:

CREATE DATABASE employees

creates an empty database named “employees” on your DBMS. After creating the database, your next step is to create tables that will contain data. (If this doesn\’t make sense, you might want to read the article Microsoft Access

Fundamentals for an overview of tables and databases.) Another variant of the CREATE command can be used for this purpose. The command:

CREATE TABLE personal_info (first_name char(20) not null, last_name char(20) not null, employee_id int not null)

establishes a table titled “personal_info” in the current database. In our example, the table contains three attributes: first_name, last_name and employee_id. Don\’t worry about the other information included in the command — we\’ll cover that

in a future article.

USE

The USE command allows you to specify the database you wish to work with within your DBMS. For example, if we\’re currently working in the sales database and want to issue some commands that will affect the employees database, we

would preface them with the following SQL command:

USE employees

It\’s important to always be conscious of the database you are working in before issuing SQL commands that manipulate data.

ALTER

Once you\’ve created a table within a database, you may wish to modify the definition of it. The ALTER command allows you to make changes to the structure of a table without deleting and recreating it. Take a look at the following command:

ALTER TABLE personal_info

ADD salary money null

This example adds a new attribute to the personal_info table — an employee\’s salary. The “money” argument specifies that an employee\’s salary will be stored using a dollars and cents format. Finally, the “null” keyword tells the database that

it\’s OK for this field to contain no value for any given employee.

DROP

The final command of the Data Definition Language, DROP, allows us to remove entire database objects from our DBMS. For example, if we want to permanently remove the personal_info table that we created, we\’d use the following

command:

DROP TABLE personal_info

Similarly, the command below would be used to remove the entire employees database:

DROP DATABASE employees

Use this command with care! Remember that the DROP command removes entire data structures from your database. If you want to remove individual records, use the DELETE command of the Data Manipulation Language.

That\’s the Data Definition Language in a nutshell.

Data Manipulation Language

The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to retrieve, insert and modify database information. These commands will be used by all database users during the routine operation of the database. Let\’s take a brief look at the basic DML

commands:

INSERT

The INSERT command in SQL is used to add records to an existing table. Returning to the personal_info example from the previous section, let\’s imagine that our HR department needs to add a new employee to their database. They could

use a command similar to the one shown below:

INSERT INTO personal_info

values(\’bart\’,\’simpson\’,12345,$45000)

Note that there are four values specified for the record. These correspond to the table attributes in the order they were defined: first_name, last_name, employee_id, and salary.

SELECT

The SELECT command is the most commonly used command in SQL. It allows database users to retrieve the specific information they desire from an operational database. Let\’s take a look at a few examples, again using the personal_info

table from our employees database.

The command shown below retrieves all of the information contained within the personal_info table. Note that the asterisk is used as a wildcard in SQL. This literally means “Select everything from the personal_info table.”

SELECT *

FROM personal_info

Alternatively, users may want to limit the attributes that are retrieved from the database. For example, the Human Resources department may require a list of the last names of all employees in the company. The following SQL command

would retrieve only that information:

SELECT last_name

FROM personal_info

Finally, the WHERE clause can be used to limit the records that are retrieved to those that meet specified criteria. The CEO might be interested in reviewing the personnel records of all highly paid employees. The following command retrieves

all of the data contained within personal_info for records that have a salary value greater than $50,000:

SELECT *

FROM personal_info

WHERE salary > $50000

UPDATE

The UPDATE command can be used to modify information contained within a table, either in bulk or individually. Each year, our company gives all employees a 3% cost-of-living increase in their salary. The following SQL command could be

used to quickly apply this to all of the employees stored in the database:

UPDATE personal_info

SET salary = salary * 103

On the other hand, our new employee Bart Simpson has demonstrated performance above and beyond the call of duty. Management wishes to recognize his stellar accomplishments with a $5,000 raise. The WHERE clause could be used to

single out Bart for this raise:

UPDATE personal_info

SET salary = salary $5000

WHERE employee_id = 12345

DELETE

Finally, let\’s take a look at the DELETE command. You\’ll find that the syntax of this command is similar to that of the other DML commands. Unfortunately, our latest corporate earnings report didn\’t quite meet expectations and poor Bart has

been laid off. The DELETE command with a WHERE clause can be used to remove his record from the personal_info table:

DELETE FROM personal_info

WHERE employee_id = 12345

JOIN Statements

Now that you\’ve learned the basics of SQL, it\’s time to move on to one of the most powerful concepts the language has to offer ?the JOIN statement. Quite simply, these statements allow you to combine data in multiple tables to quickly and

efficiently process large quantities of data. These statements are where the true power of a database resides.

We\’ll first explore the use of a basic JOIN operation to combine data from two tables. In future installments, we\’ll explore the use of outer and inner joins to achieve added power.

We\’ll continue with our example using the PERSONAL_INFO table, but first we\’ll need to add an additional table to the mix. Let\’s assume we have a table called DISCIPLINARY_ACTION that was created with the following statement:

CREATE TABLE disciplinary_action (action_id int not null, employee_id int not null, comments char(500))

This table contains the results of disciplinary actions on company employees. You\’ll notice that it doesn\’t contain any information about the employee other than the employee number. It\’s then easy to imagine many scenarios where we might

want to combine information from the DISCIPLINARY_ACTION and PERSONAL_INFO tables.

Assume we\’ve been tasked with creating a report that lists the disciplinary actions taken against all employees with a salary greater than $40,000 The use of a JOIN operation in this case is quite straightforward. We can retrieve this

information using the following command:

SELECT personal_info.first_name, personal_info.last_name, disciplinary_action.comments FROM personal_info, disciplinary_action

WHERE personal_info.employee_id = disciplinary_action.employee_id AND personal_info.salary > 40000

As you can see, we simply specified the two tables that we wished to join in the FROM clause and then included a statement in the WHERE clause to limit the results to records that had matching employee IDs and met our criteria of a salary

greater than $40,000

Another term you must be familiar with as a security mechanism in Databases is: VIEW

What is a view?

In database theory, a view is a virtual or logical table composed of the result set of a query. Unlike ordinary tables (base tables) in a relational database, a view is not part of the physical schema: it is a dynamic, virtual table computed or

collated from data in the database. Changing the data in a table alters the data shown in the view.

The result of a view is stored in a permanent table whereas the result of a query is displayed in a temporary table.

Views can provide advantages over tables;

They can subset the data contained in a table

They can join and simplify multiple tables into a single virtual table Views can act as aggregated tables, where aggregated data (sum, average etc.) are calculated and presented as part of the data

Views can hide the complexity of data, for example a view could appear as Sales2000 or Sales2001, transparently partitioning the actual underlying table Views take very little space to store; only the definition is stored, not a copy of all the

data they present

Depending on the SQL engine used, views can provide extra security. Limit the exposure to which a table or tables are exposed to outer world

Just like functions (in programming) provide abstraction, views can be used to create abstraction. Also, just like functions, views can be nested, thus one view can aggregate data from other views. Without the use of views it would be much

harder to normalise databases above second normal form. Views can make it easier to create lossless join decomposition.

Rows available through a view are not sorted. A view is a relational table, and the relational model states that a table is a set of rows. Since sets are not sorted – per definition – the rows in a view are not ordered either. Therefore, an ORDER

BY clause in the view definition is meaningless and the SQL standard (SQL:2003) does not allow this for the subselect in a CREATE VIEW statement.

The following reference(s) were used for this question:

The text above is from About.Com at: http://databases.about.com/

The definition of views above is from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_(database)

KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 47 http://www.tomjewett.com/dbdesign/dbdesign.php?page=ddldml.php

Question 4:

What is called the access protection system that limits connections by calling back the number of a previously authorized location?

A. Sendback systems

B. Callback forward systems

C. Callback systems

D. Sendback forward systems

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: The Answer: Call back Systems; Callback systems provide access protection by calling back the number of a previously authorized location, but this control can be compromised by call forwarding. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 35

Question 5:

Which security model uses division of operations into different parts and requires different users to perform each part?

A. Bell-LaPadula model

B. Biba model

C. Clark-Wilson model

D. Non-interference model

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: The Clark-Wilson model uses separation of duties, which divides an operation into different parts and requires different users to perform each part. This prevents authorized users from making unauthorized modifications to data,

thereby protecting its integrity.

The Clark-Wilson integrity model provides a foundation for specifying and analyzing an integrity policy for a computing system.

The model is primarily concerned with formalizing the notion of information integrity. Information integrity is maintained by preventing corruption of data items in a system due to either error or malicious intent. An integrity policy describes how

the data items in the system should be kept valid from one state of the system to the next and specifies the capabilities of various principals in the system. The model defines enforcement rules and certification rules.

The model\’s enforcement and certification rules define data items and processes that provide the basis for an integrity policy. The core of the model is based on the notion of a transaction.

A well-formed transaction is a series of operations that transition a system from one consistent state to another consistent state.

In this model the integrity policy addresses the integrity of the transactions. The principle of separation of duty requires that the certifier of a transaction and the implementer be different entities.

The model contains a number of basic constructs that represent both data items and processes that operate on those data items. The key data type in the Clark-Wilson model is a Constrained Data Item (CDI). An Integrity Verification

Procedure (IVP) ensures that all CDIs in the system are valid at a certain state. Transactions that enforce the integrity policy are represented by Transformation Procedures (TPs). A TP takes as input a CDI or Unconstrained Data Item (UDI)

and produces a CDI. A TP must transition the system from one valid state to another valid state. UDIs represent system input (such as that provided by a user or adversary). A TP must guarantee (via certification) that it transforms all possible

values of a UDI to a “safe” CDI.

In general, preservation of data integrity has three goals:

Prevent data modification by unauthorized parties

Prevent unauthorized data modification by authorized parties Maintain internal and external consistency (i.e. data reflects the real world)

Clark-Wilson addresses all three rules but BIBA addresses only the first rule of intergrity. HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Chapter

5: Security Architecture and Design (Page 341-344). and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark-Wilson_model

Latest CISSP Dumps CISSP PDF Dumps CISSP Exam Questions

Question 6:

Which of the following would constitute the best example of a password to use for access to a system by a network administrator?

A. holiday

B. Christmas12

C. Jenny

D. GyN19Za!

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: GyN19Za! would be the best answer because it contains a mixture of upper and lower case characters, alphabetic and numeric characters, and a special character making it less vulnerable to password attacks.

All of the other answers are incorrect because they are vulnerable to brute force or dictionary attacks. Passwords should not be common words or names. The addition of a number to the end of a common word only marginally strengthens it

because a common password attack would also check combinations of words:

Christmas23

Christmas123 etc…

Question 7:

The act of requiring two of the three factors to be used in the authentication process refers to:

A. Two-Factor Authentication

B. One-Factor Authentication

C. Bi-Factor Authentication

D. Double Authentication

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Two-Factor Authentication refers to the act of requiring two of the three factors to be used in the authentication process.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 36

Question 8:

Which of the following biometrics devices has the highest Crossover Error Rate (CER)?

A. Iris scan

B. Hand geometry

C. Voice pattern

D. Fingerprints

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: The Crossover Error Rate (CER) is the point where false rejection rate (type I error) equals the false acceptance rate (type II error). The lower the CER, the better the accuracy of the device. At the time if this writing, response

times and accuracy of some devices are:

System type Response time Accuracy (CER)

Fingerprints 5-7 secs. 5%

Hand Geometry 3-5 secs. 2%

Voice Pattern 10-14 secs. 10%

Retina Scan 4-7 secs. 15%

Iris Scan 25-4 secs. 05%

The term EER which means Equal Error Rate is sometimes use instead of the term CER. It has the same meaning.

Source: Chris Hare\’s CISSP Study Notes on Physical Security, based on ISC2 CBK document. Available at http://www.ccure.org.

Question 9:

Why do buffer overflows happen? What is the main cause?

A. Because buffers can only hold so much data

B. Because of improper parameter checking within the application

C. Because they are an easy weakness to exploit

D. Because of insufficient system memory

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Buffer Overflow attack takes advantage of improper parameter checking within the application. This is the classic form of buffer overflow and occurs because the programmer accepts whatever input the user supplies without

checking to make sure that the length of the input is less than the size of the buffer in the program. The buffer overflow problem is one of the oldest and most common problems in software development and programming, dating back to the

introduction of interactive computing. It can result when a program fills up the assigned buffer of memory with more data than its buffer can hold. When the program begins to write beyond the end of the buffer, the program\’s execution path

can be changed, or data can be written into areas used by the operating system itself. This can lead to the insertion of malicious code that can be used to gain administrative privileges on the program or system. As explained by Gaurab, it

can become very complex. At the time of input even if you are checking the length of the input, it has to be check against the buffer size. Consider a case where entry point of data is stored in Buffer1 of Application1 and then you copy it to

Buffer2 within Application2 later on, if you are just checking the length of data against Buffer1, it will not ensure that it will not cause a buffer overflow in Buffer2 of Application2

A bit of reassurance from the ISC2 book about level of Coding Knowledge needed for the exam:

It should be noted that the CISSP is not required to be an expert programmer or know the inner workings of developing application software code, like the FORTRAN programming language, or how to develop Web applet code using Java. It

is not even necessary that the CISSP know detailed security-specific coding practices such as the major divisions of buffer overflow exploits or the reason for preferring str(n)cpy to strcpy in the C language (although all such knowledge is, of

course, helpful). Because the CISSP may be the person responsible for ensuring that security is included in such developments, the CISSP should know the basic procedures and concepts involved during the design and development of

software programming. That is, in order for the CISSP to monitor the software development process and verify that security is included, the CISSP must understand the fundamental concepts of programming developments and the security

strengths and weaknesses of various application development processes.

The following are incorrect answers:

“Because buffers can only hold so much data” is incorrect. This is certainly true but is not the best answer because the finite size of the buffer is not the problem — the problem is that the programmer did not check the size of the input before

moving it into the buffer.

“Because they are an easy weakness to exploit” is incorrect. This answer is sometimes true but is not the best answer because the root cause of the buffer overflow is that the programmer did not check the size of the user input.

“Because of insufficient system memory” is incorrect. This is irrelevant to the occurrence of a buffer overflow.

Reference(s) used for this question:

Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 13319-13323). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.

Question 10:

Which of the following is NOT part of user provisioning?

A. Creation and deactivation of user accounts

B. Business process implementation

C. Maintenance and deactivation of user objects and attributes

D. Delegating user administration

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: User provisioning refers to the creation, maintenance, and deactivation of user objects and attributes as they exist in one or more systems, directories, or applications, in response to business processes.

User provisioning software may include one or more of the following components: change propagation, self-service workflow, consolidated user administration, delegated user administration, and federated change control.

User objects may represent employees, contractors, vendors, partners, customers, or other recipients of a service.

Services may include electronic mail, access to a database, access to a file server or mainframe, and so on

The following answers are all incorrect answers:

Creation and deactivation of user accounts

Maintenance and deactivation of user objects and attributes Delegating user administration

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (p. 179). McGraw- Hill . Kindle Edition.

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